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Severely endangered

Spoken by grandparents and older; the parent generation may understand it but does not speak it to children.

UNESCO, grade 2: “The language is spoken only by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may still understand the language, they typically do not speak it to their children.”

The parent generation is the hinge. They are the last people who could pass the language on without first having to learn it, and by this stage they have generally been raised to understand but not to answer. A language at this grade usually has more people who comprehend it than speak it — a reserve that revitalization work often draws on.

The first four run from least to most endangered. The last two sit outside that scale.